What is Data carrier?
A data carrier is a physical or digital medium used to store and transmit data. In the context of Digital Product Passports (DPPs), a data carrier typically refers to technologies such as QR codes, RFID tags, NFC chips, or barcodes that are attached to or embedded within a product or its packaging. These carriers serve as gateways to access the DPP by linking the physical product to its digital identity and lifecycle information.
Types of data carriers used in DPPs
| Type | Description | Use in DPP |
|---|---|---|
| QR Code | A 2D matrix barcode readable by smartphones and scanners. | Most common method for consumer-facing access to DPPs. |
| RFID Tag | Radio Frequency Identification tag that can store data and be read wirelessly. | Useful in logistics and supply chain tracking. |
| NFC Chip | Near Field Communication chip, typically scanned by smartphones. | Common in smart devices or luxury goods for authenticity. |
| Barcode | Traditional linear code with product ID info. | Used for legacy systems or basic traceability. |
How data carriers are linked to DPPs
Each data carrier contains a Unique Product Identifier (UPI) or a URL (Uniform Resource Locator) that leads to the digital passport hosted in a cloud database or decentralized system (like a blockchain). When the code is scanned, users—including consumers, recyclers, or regulators—can access verified product information in real time.
Best practices for implementing data carriers
- Durability: Ensure the carrier remains scannable across the product lifecycle.
- Placement: Position it where it’s easily accessible but protected.
- Security: Use encrypted or tamper-evident formats to prevent fraud.
- Standardization: Align with EU/ISO standards for interoperability.
Example in Action
A smartphone with a QR code printed on the packaging can be scanned by a customer in-store. The code redirects to a Digital Product Passport showing details like material sourcing, energy consumption during manufacturing, and how to recycle it.
Frequently asked questions
Can a data carrier be updated?
While the physical code itself cannot change, it often points to a digital record that can be updated in real time.
Is a data carrier mandatory for DPP compliance?
In most DPP frameworks (like the EU’s), yes, a unique, scannable data carrier is essential to ensure physical-digital linkage.